冷战、印度的外交与大国关系
这项研究将充分利用印度、美国、俄罗斯以及中国新近解密以及可资利用的文献资料，在全面搜集和整理国内外学界有关这一课题的学术发展史的基础上，利用国际史的研究方法，对冷战时期印度的外交思想和外交政策，印度在重大的国际关系事件中的决策过程以及大国关系在南亚地区的的互动等问题进行系统研究，对国内外学术界有关冷战时期印度的普遍论点提出挑战，对冷战时期印度外交的实质、印度与主要大国的关系以及冷战对南亚地区国际关系格局的影响等问题提出了富有创新性的论点。
印度独立后的外交政策是由国内政治经济形势的发展和国际形势，特别是冷战特性的判断所决定的。尼赫鲁希望在美苏冷战中采取“不结盟”的政策，在美苏之间保持平衡，并寻求在国际政治中组成以印度为首的“第三支力量”，以此争取西方国家和苏东阵营对印度经济发展计划的支持。因此，冷战时期印度的“不结盟”政策服务于印度外交的两个战略目的：印度的大国地位和印度的国家安全。如果国内局势和国际形势的发展有悖于上述两个目标的实现，印度的外交政策就会有所选择。印度国内政治和经济因素诸如经济发展问题、饥荒的影响、印度共产党对印度政局的威胁等等，对印度外交产生了重大影响。而冷战的发展，特别是美苏对立的加剧要求印度在必要时有所倾向。从冷战初期印度外交政策看，虽然考虑到中国对印度未来国家安全的影响，但发展良好的中印关系成为一个时期内尼赫鲁外交政策的核心之一。随着中印两国在西藏问题和中印边界问题上的矛盾和分歧日益加剧，中印关系最后完全走向敌对，这一结果极大地影响了南亚地区国际关系的态势。尼赫鲁的外交思想，包括尼赫鲁对大国关系的认识，对共产主义的理解，对反对殖民主义的态度，以及不结盟运动对印度国家安全的意义等，都决定了冷战时期印度“不结盟”外交的实质。冷战时期的印度外交巧妙地利用了美国和苏联同中国的敌对关系，尽管尼赫鲁公开宣称“印度在必要时将有所选择”，但毫无疑问印度较为成功地同时发展了同美国和苏联的关系；在获得美国经济和军事援助的同时，印度也得到了苏联的援助。因此，当中美开始关系正常化之后，印度外交开始公开明确地倒向苏联。1971年的印巴战争不仅表明印度冷战时期外交的实质和一个外交政策时代的终结，同时也显示大国外交在冷战的非核心地区之影响力的程度。
本课题研究的学术价值和意义在于：第一，可以较为明晰地认识冷战时期印度外交的本质特点。从冷战时期印度的外交政策与大国关系的演进来看，印度外交政策的实质是实用主义，印度外交战略的选择，不仅是尼赫鲁外交思想的实践，也是对冷战时期大国关系的回应。第二，通过研究冷战时期主要大国同印度的关系，可以揭示各大国在处理冷战非核心国家的关系时的不同特点。这种特点清楚地显示，在不同的时期大国对南亚地区的战略具有不同的优先考虑，这些不同的考虑包括国家利益、意识形态以及同盟战略关系等等。第三，美苏关系对冷战时期国际体系变动的影响。本课题的研究显示，美苏关系的变动是影响冷战时期国际体系变动的关键因素，也是决定印度外交取向的关键。印苏关系和印美关系的发展，同中苏关系的破裂与中美关系的敌对和危机几乎是同步发生的。印度外交决策者利用这些变动，争取到美苏对其国家发展战略的大力支持。而这种支持也成为印度在处理同中国边界问题时采取强硬政策的决定性的动因，其后果的严重性显而易见。第四，本课题的研究充分表明，冷战时期大国关系在南亚地区的互动和影响是明显而微妙的。冷战时期国际体系的演进和大国关系的发展，特别是集团内部与集团之间关系的互动和变化，对印度外交和安全战略的选择产生了重要的影响。
2. Research Proposal:
COLD WAR, INDIAN DIPLOMATIC POLICY,
AND THE RELATIONS AMONG GREAT POWERS
Based on the new-declassified material of American, Russian, Indian, and Chinese side related to Indian diplomatic policies during the Cold War, this study will engage in an interactive effort to seek common standards of arguments, understanding about existing literature and interpretations, analytical assumptions, conceptual frameworks, methodologies, and expression. This study suggests some important assumptions and even lessons drawn from the conduct of Indian diplomacy in the times of the Cold War, especially in the field of security studies, may require rethinking as we begin to learn more about interactions of Great powers’ policy and strategy. The study contradicts much of these two established interpretations and is the first study to use extensive archival material on the Indian relationships with great powers. The study gives the following fresh interpretations.
India’s foreign policies after its independence were decided by the development of India’s domestic conditions and international environments, especially by the Indian judgments of the Cold War’ s natures. Nehru hoped to take the diplomatic policies of Nonalignment, keeping the balance between the power struggles of the United States and the Soviet Union and seeking to form the Third Force leaded by India in the international society, in order to get the supports for Indian economic development plans both from the West and the East bloc. So Indian Nonalignment policy was severed to the two strategic objectives of Indian diplomacy. One was the Indian dream to be a great power. Another Indian national security. If the developments of Indian domestic conditions and of the international environments endangered the realization of such two objectives, India had to choose one or two powers as her partner. Indian politic and economic factors such as the problem of economic development, the impact of famine, the threat of Indian Communist Party, exerted the significant influences on Indian Cold War foreign policies. The development of the Cold War, particularly the deterioration of US-Soviet relations forced India to make clear her position in the Cold War conflicts of necessity. In regard to the Indian foreign policies in the early days of the Cold War, establishing the warming relations with People’s China was the core of the Nehru’s policy, although he realized the possible China’s threat to Indian national security. India finally viewed China as her NO.1 enemy when the contradictions and differences on the problems of Tibet and of the borderlines turned worse day by day. This result effected the South Asian international state greatly. The thoughts of Nehru, including his knowledge of power relations, his comprehensions of communism, his attitude to anti-colonialism, and the nonaligned movement’s meanings to Indian national security, decided the nature of Indian Nonalignment diplomacy during the Cold War. In the days of Cold War, India used the hostilities of the United States and of the Soviet Union toward China skillfully, developing the relations with Americans and with the Soviets and winning both American military-economic assistance and the Soviet ones at the same time. As the United States and China began their relation normalization, India stood by the Soviet side openly. Indian-Pak war of 1971 not only signed the nature of Indian foreign policies during Cold War and the death of an era of Indian diplomacy, but manifested the degree of the great power’s influences in the region of South Asia.
The importance of the study lies in the understanding of the nature of Indian policy during the Cold War, and the role of Nehru’s thoughts in Indian national security strategy. The Chose of Indian foreign policy is not only the practice of Nehru’s thoughts, but the responses to the interactions of great powers’ relationships. The study promotes the knowledge of the different characters of great powers’ handling the relations with the nations of Cold War periphery region. The study gets a deeper understanding of the influences of US-USSR relations’ evolution on the international system in the times of Cold War. And the study provides the historical lessons for both India and China how to make their foreign policies in their own national interest in the international system.
Indian foreign policies and China-India relations during the Cold War are the focus of my research. I have published the articles and essays related to this subject. The final product of the study will be the published essay, Cold War, Indian Diplomatic Policy, and the Relations among Great Powers.
